Low Back Pain: Causes, Treatment and When to See a Physiotherapist

Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems we see. It can affect people of all ages and activity levels, from office workers and parents to recreational runners and competitive athletes.

Most episodes of low back pain are not caused by an underlying pathology, and can improve with appropriate advice, movement and exercise. The World Health Organisation estimates that around 90% of low back pain is non-specific, meaning there is no single identifiable underlying disease or structural problem responsible for the symptoms.

At Shenton Quarter Physiotherapy, we regularly assess and treat people with low back pain, helping them understand their symptoms and return to the activities that matter to them.

What causes low back pain?

There is rarely one simple cause of low back pain. There are a range of factors that can contribute to someone's symptoms, including:

• A sudden increase in physical activity

• Lifting or carrying something unfamiliar

• Repetitive movements

• Prolonged periods of sitting

• Reduced physical activity

• Muscle fatigue

• Poor sleep or increased stress

• Previous episodes of back pain

• Changes in training load

• Reduced strength or conditioning

Sometimes low back pain simply develops without an obvious trigger. This is why we don't always need to identify one particular muscle, joint or disc as the cause of someone's pain. Instead, our assessment focuses on understanding the individual's symptoms, movement, physical capacity, lifestyle and goals.

Does low back pain mean something is wrong with my spine?

Not necessarily. It is very common for scans such as X-rays or MRIs to identify changes in the spine, particularly as we get older. These findings do not always explain someone's pain, and for many people with low back pain, imaging isn't required. A physiotherapist can help determine whether further investigation is appropriate based on your symptoms and clinical assessment.

Should I rest if I have low back pain?

In most cases, staying active is generally encouraged. Walking, gentle movement, swimming and gradually returning to normal activities can form an important part of recovery. Your physiotherapist will work with you to create a tailored exercise and management program that is appropriate for your symptoms, goals and needs.

What exercises are best for low back pain?

There isn't one exercise that is best for everyone. Common exercises for low back pain include:

• Mobility exercises

• Core and trunk strengthening

• Hip and lower-limb strengthening

• Aerobic exercise such as walking, bike, swimming

• Functional exercises such as squats, lunges and step-ups

• Running or sport-specific exercises

• Gradual exposure to movements that you have been avoiding

Can physiotherapy help low back pain?

Yes. Physiotherapy can be useful for both new and recurrent episodes of low back pain. We will get a good understanding of your pain, contributing factors, functional capacity and goals.

Treatment may include education about your symptoms, exercise therapy, hands-on treatment, and a plan to gradually return you to your normal activities and help you achieve your goals.

At Shenton Quarter Physiotherapy, we take a patient centred approach through a thorough assessment, education and individualised rehabilitation plan. We don't believe in a one-size-fits-all approach to back pain.

Whether you're dealing with a new episode of low back pain, recurrent symptoms or you're trying to return to sport, we can help develop a plan around your goals.

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Written by Georgia Snow